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In 2010-2015 almost all democratic countries pursued austerity. Then countries exited austerity, although following a differentiated path. The outburst of the pandemic brought about a hike in public spending to cope with its social and economic consequences, that does however plant the seeds of future economic adjustments. In this chapter we study the political strategies and options of governments during austerity periods using a new data set for 30 democratic nations, 2010-2019. We ask where and when democratic politics mattered for austerity policies from the Great Recession to the Covid-19 pandemic. Our main finding is that austerity policy was mostly driven by economic forces. Focusing on the process of exiting austerity we show that it cannot be sufficiently explained by changed economic fundamentals. Rather, the longer governments pursue austerity, the more likely they are to exit it even if the economic fundamentals hardly allow for that.
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