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  • The rise of the Internet Era has generated widespread speculation about its consequences for civic engagement. Mobilization and reinforcement theories differ in how far they believe the World Wide Web will reach the parts of the polity that older forms of communication cannot reach. The literature based on the 1996 and 1998 U.S. elections serves to confirm the reinforcement perspective. But does this pattern also hold elsewhere? There are many plausible reasons why this may prove another case of ‘American exceptionalism’. To examine this issue this paper (i) briefly reviews the existing American literature and outlines the theoretical framework; (ii) compares the evolution and penetration of the information society in Europe and the US from the mid-to late-1990s; (iii) analyzes the social and political characteristics of European online users; and, (iv) considers the implications for political communications and virtual democracy in the emerging Internet Era. (xsd:string)
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  • https://sites.hks.harvard.edu/fs/pnorris/Acrobat/APSA99.PDF. (Eurobarometer) (xsd:string)
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  • 1999 (xsd:gyear)
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  • 1999 (xsd:gyear)
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  • Who Surfs Café Europa? Virtual Democracy in the U.S. and Western Europe (xsd:string)
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  • inproceedings (xsd:string)
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  • Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, 1-5th September 1999, Atlanta, USA, (xsd:string)
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  • In Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, 1-5th September 1999, Atlanta, USA, , 1999 (xsd:string)
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  • EB - Standard and Special Eurobarometer (xsd:string)
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