After an analysis of the socioeconomic effects of forced and bonded labour during colonial times, the articulation of different systems of family and non-family labour is investigated. Class-specific effects of labour and capital input do even result in an increasing use of communal labour by rich and middle peasants after the Nigerian Civil War: its form remains, but its content changes fundamentally. The socioeconomic and material base for small-scale peasant subsistence production has been gradually destroyed.
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