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Derivation of data:
The data in this variable was constructed based on the combination of data on the general school leaving certificate (peduc) and on vocational or professional training (pd01, pde05-pde16).
Rule 1
When there is valid data on both the general school leaving certificate and on vocational or professional training, the case is classified according to the combination of the two qualifications.
When the information on the general school leaving certificate is ambiguous (‘other school leaving certificate’), the person is assumed to have the equivalent of a basic or intermediary secondary qualification (“Haupt- oder Realschulabschluss”).
When the information on vocational or professional training is ambiguous (‘other vocational training certificate), the person is assumed to have the equivalent of a basic or intermediary qualification (e.g. completed apprenticeship).
Rule 2
When there is valid data on the general school leaving certificate but no valid data on vocational or professional training or when the person has no vocational or professional training, the case is classified according to the school leaving certificate.
Rule 3
When there is valid data on vocational or professional training but no valid data on the general school leaving certificate, it is assumed that the person has the minimal school qualification necessary to obtain the vocational or professional qualification and the case is classified according to this combination of qualifications.
Rule 4
When there is neither valid data on the general school leaving certificate nor on vocational or professional training, the case is coded as -32 ‘cannot be generated’.
When the person is still at school according to the data on the general school leaving certificate, the case is also coded as -32 ‘cannot be generated’.
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Derivation of data:
The data in this variable was constructed based on the combination of data on the general school leaving certificate (peduc) and on vocational or professional training (pd01, pde05-pde16).
Rule 1
When there is valid data on both the general school leaving certificate and on vocational or professional training, the case is classified according to the combination of the two qualifications.
When the information on the general school leaving certificate is ambiguous (‘other school leaving certificate’), the person is assumed to have the equivalent of a basic or intermediary secondary qualification (“Haupt- oder Realschulabschluss”).
When the information on vocational or professional training is ambiguous (‘other vocational training certificate), the person is assumed to have the equivalent of a basic or intermediary qualification (e.g. completed apprenticeship).
Rule 2
When there is valid data on the general school leaving certificate but no valid data on vocational or professional training or when the person has no vocational or professional training, the case is classified according to the school leaving certificate.
Rule 3
When there is valid data on vocational or professional training but no valid data on the general school leaving certificate, it is assumed that the person has the minimal school qualification necessary to obtain the vocational or professional qualification and the case is classified according to this combination of qualifications.
Rule 4
When there is neither valid data on the general school leaving certificate nor on vocational or professional training, the case is coded as -32 ‘cannot be generated’.
When the person is still at school according to the data on the general school leaving certificate, the case is also coded as -32 ‘cannot be generated’.
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Description of variable:
International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 1997, 5 levels - partner
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Note:
International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 1997
The International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 1997 was developed by UNESCO as an internationally comparable classification of education levels. It provides a framework for the description of educational programs that can be applied regardless of the structure of national education systems and a set of rules for assigning educational programs to a taxonomy of educational attainment (UNESCO 2006: 7). The characteristics used to classify educational programs include, for example, the field and type of education, the age at which a program is typically attended, the entrance qualification needed to participate in a program or the type of education it gives access to (UNESCO 2006: 19). ISCED 1997 is designed to encompass all forms of organized learning, i.e. it equally covers vocational and academic education (UNESCO 2006: 10).
ISCED 1997 distinguishes seven levels of education (UNESCO 2006: 19):
Level 0 - Pre-primary education
Level 1 - Primary education or first stage of basic education
Level 2 - Lower secondary or second stage of basic education
Level 3 - (Upper) secondary education
Level 4 - Post-secondary non-tertiary education
Level 5 - First stage of tertiary education
Level 6 - Second stage of tertiary education
Using survey data, ISCED 1997 can be operationalized for the German educational system as the combination of the attributes general school leaving certificate and highest vocational qualification (Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik et al. 2010: 77). The implementation of ISCED 1997 for ALLBUS is modelled on the practice documented for the German microcensus (comp. Schroedter et al. 2006: 22) and the similar rules laid out in Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik et al. 2010 (76). There are, however, a number of factors that limit the full implementation of ISCED 1997 with ALLBUS data. On the one hand, these limitations are due to the universe sampled for ALLBUS. The ALLBUS sample only includes adult respondents, i.e. persons who are 18 or older. Consequently, ISCED Level 0 ‘Pre-primary education’ cannot be covered with ALLBUS data. On the other hand, there are limitations related to the type and scope of data surveyed. Firstly, this is the case for respondents who are still at school. These respondents cannot be assigned an ISCED level based on the type of school they attend, because this information is not available. Secondly, the ALLBUS-implementation of ISCED 1997 does not include a further differentiation of levels 3 and 5 (Schroedter et al. 2006: 22), because the data on vocational qualifications is not specific enough to accurately distinguish the proposed subcategories in all cases. And finally, ALLBUS does not distinguish between ISCED Level 5 “First Stage of Tertiary Education” and ISCED Level 6 – "Second Stage of Tertiary Education", because information on the type of university degree is only available for the latest cross-section surveys. Instead, all respondents with university degrees are classified at Level 5.
Mapping of qualifications to ISCED 1997 Levels:
Level 0 - Pre-primary education (not covered by ALLBUS)
Level 1: Primary education or first stage of basic education
Respondents who indicate that they did not finish school and have not obtained a vocational qualification are classified at ISCED Level 1. Also classified at ISCED Level 1 are respondents who indicate that they did not finish school and who did not give a valid answer to the question on occupational qualifications.
Level 2: Lower Secondary Education
Respondents who have a lower or intermediary school qualification (“Haupt- oder Realschulabschluss”) and no vocational qualification or only an informal vocational qualification (‘on the job training’ or ‘work placement/internship’) are classified at ISCED Level 2.
Level 3: Upper Secondary Education
Respondents who have an entrance qualification for tertiary education (“Fachhochschulreife oder Abitur”) and no vocational qualification or only an informal vocational qualification (on the job training or work placement/internship) are classified at ISCED-Level 3. Also classified at ISCED-Level 3 are respondents who have a lower or intermediary school qualification (“Haupt- oder Realschulabschluss) and additionally finished a vocational training program (“Lehre, Teilfacharbeiter- oder Berufsfachschulabschluss).
Level 4: Post Secondary Education
ISCED-Level 4 marks a level of educational attainment that goes beyond secondary education but does not satisfy the standards of tertiary education. This category includes respondents who have an entrance qualification for tertiary education and also finished a vocational training program (e.g. a traineeship program).
Level 5: Tertiary Education
Respondents who have a technical college or vocational college degree, master craftsmen or respondents with equivalent degrees, and respondents who have a university degree are classified at ISCED-Level 5.
Level 6: Second Stage of Tertiary Education (not implemented for ALLBUS)
ISCED-Level 6 would be reserved for respondents who have a research degree (e.g. a doctoral degree).
Literature:
Jürgen H. P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, Axel Glemser, Christiane Heckel, Helmut Quitt, Ute Hanefeld, Robert Herter-Eschweiler und Sabine Mohr 2010: Demographische Standards - Ausgabe 2010. Eine gemeinsame Empfehlung des Arbeitskreises Deutsches Marktforschungsinstitut (ADM), der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Sozialwissenschaftliche Institute (ASI) und des Statistischen Bundesamtes, Wiesbaden: Statistisches Bundesamt.
Julia H. Schroedter, Yvonne Lechert und Paul Lüttinger 2006: Die Umsetzung der Bildungsskala ISCED-1997 für die Volkszählung 1970, die Mikrozensus-Zusatzerhebung 1971 und die Mikrozensen 1976-2004 (Version 1), ZUMA-Methodenbericht 06/08.
UNESCO 2006: International Standard Classification of Education ISCED 1997 (May 2006 re-edition), UNESCO-Institute for Statistics.
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