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Derivation of data:
The data in this variable was constructed based on the combination of data on the general school leaving certificate (V1044) and on vocational or professional training (V1045, V1048-V1061).
Rule 1
When there is valid data on both the general school leaving certificate and on vocational or professional training, the case is classified according to the combination of the two qualifications.
When the information on the general school leaving certificate is ambiguous (‘other school leaving certificate’), the person is assumed to have the equivalent of a basic or intermediary secondary qualification (“Haupt- oder Realschulabschluss”).
When the information on vocational or professional training is ambiguous (‘other vocational training certificate), the person is assumed to have the equivalent of a basic or intermediary qualification (e.g. completed apprenticeship).
Rule 2
When there is valid data on the general school leaving certificate but no valid data on vocational or professional training or when the person has no vocational or professional training, the case is classified according to the school leaving certificate.
Rule 3
When there is valid data on vocational or professional training but no valid data on the general school leaving certificate, it is assumed that the person has the minimal school qualification necessary to obtain the vocational or professional qualification and the case is classified according to this combination of qualifications.
Rule 4
When there is neither valid data on the general school leaving certificate nor on vocational or professional training, the case is coded as 99 ‘not classifiable’.
When the person is still at school according to the data on the general school leaving certificate, the case is coded as 94 ‘still at school’.
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Derivation of data:
The data in this variable was constructed based on the combination of data on the general school leaving certificate (V1044) and on vocational or professional training (V1045, V1048-V1061).
Rule 1
When there is valid data on both the general school leaving certificate and on vocational or professional training, the case is classified according to the combination of the two qualifications.
When the information on the general school leaving certificate is ambiguous (‘other school leaving certificate’), the person is assumed to have the equivalent of a basic or intermediary secondary qualification (“Haupt- oder Realschulabschluss”).
When the information on vocational or professional training is ambiguous (‘other vocational training certificate), the person is assumed to have the equivalent of a basic or intermediary qualification (e.g. completed apprenticeship).
Rule 2
When there is valid data on the general school leaving certificate but no valid data on vocational or professional training or when the person has no vocational or professional training, the case is classified according to the school leaving certificate.
Rule 3
When there is valid data on vocational or professional training but no valid data on the general school leaving certificate, it is assumed that the person has the minimal school qualification necessary to obtain the vocational or professional qualification and the case is classified according to this combination of qualifications.
Rule 4
When there is neither valid data on the general school leaving certificate nor on vocational or professional training, the case is coded as 99 ‘not classifiable’.
When the person is still at school according to the data on the general school leaving certificate, the case is coded as 94 ‘still at school’.
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Description of variable:
International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011 - spouse
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Note:
International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011
The International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011 is an improved version of ISCED 1997, which was developed by UNESCO as an internationally comparable classification of education levels. Like its predecessor, ISCED 2011 provides a framework for the description of educational programs that can be applied regardless of the structure of national education systems and a set of rules for assigning educational programs to a taxonomy of educational attainment (UNESCO 2012: 6). The characteristics used to classify educational programs include, for example, the field and type of education, the age at which a program is typically attended, the entrance qualification needed to participate in a program or the type of education it gives access to (comp. Section 9 in UNESCO 2012). ISCED 1997 is designed to encompass all forms of organized learning, i.e. it equally covers vocational and academic education. For ISCED 2011, terms and definitions were updated and the rules of classification were revised. Moreover, the classification was extended to cover early childhood education and to provides a more differentiated classification of tertiary education (UNESCO 2012: 62-68).
ISCED 2011 has “parallel coding schemes for education programmes (ISCED Programmes or ISCED-P) and levels of educational attainment (ISCED Attainment or ISCED-A)” which define nine general educational levels (UNESCO 2012: 21).
ISCED-A Level 0 – Less than primary education
ISCED-A Level 1 - Primary education
ISCED-A Level 2 - Lower secondary education
ISCED-A Level 3 - Upper secondary education
ISCED-A Level 4 - Post-secondary non-tertiary education
ISCED-A Level 5 – Short-cycle tertiary education
ISCED-A Level 6 – Bachelor’s or equivalent level
ISCED-A Level 7 – Master’s or equivalent level
ISCED-A Level 8 – Doctoral or equivalent level
Using survey data, ISCED can be operationalized for the German educational system as the combination of the attributes general school leaving certificate and highest voactional qualification (Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik et al. 2010: 77). There are, however, a number of factors that limit the full implementation of ISCED 2011 with ALLBUS data. Because there is only insufficient data on tertiary education, ISCED 2011 has not been constructed for ALLBUS 1980-2008. Moreover, the ALLBUS sample only includes adult respondents, i.e. persons who are 18 or older. Consequently, ISCED Level 0 ‘Pre-primary education’ is not covered by ALLBUS data. Finally, ALLBUS only implements the highest level of the ISCED 2011 classification. Information of the type needed to form classes on second- and third-digit level (comp. UNESCO 2012: 21f.) is not part of the ALLBUS data.
The implementation of ISCED 2011 could for the most part follow the established practice for ISCED 1997 (comp. Schroedter et al. 2006; Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik et al. 2010). New mappings of qualifications to ISCED levels were only necessary for the area of tertiary education.
Mapping of qualifications to ISCED-A levels
Level 0 – Less than primary education
(not covered by ALLBUS)
Level 1: Primary education
Respondents who indicate that they did not finish school and have not obtained a vocational qualification are classified at ISCED Level 1. Also classified at ISCED Level 1 are respondents who indicate that they did not finish school and who did not give a valid answer to the question on occupational qualifications.
Level 2: Lower secondary education
Respondents who have a lower or intermediary school qualification (“Haupt- oder Realschulabschluss”) and no vocational qualification or only an informal vocational qualification (‘on the job training’ or ‘work placement/internship’) are classified at ISCED Level 2.
Level 3: Upper secondary education
Respondents who have an entrance qualification for tertiary education (“Fachhochschulreife oder Abitur”) and no vocational qualification or only an informal vocational qualification (on the job training or work placement/internship) are classified at ISCED-Level 3. Also classified at ISCED-Level 3 are respondents who have a lower or intermediary school qualification (“Haupt- oder Realschulabschluss) and additionally finished a vocational training program (“Lehre, Teilfacharbeiter- oder Berufsfachschulabschluss).
Level 4: Post-secondary non-tertiary education
ISCED-Level 4 marks a level of educational attainment that goes beyond secondary education but does not satisfy the standards of tertiary education. This category includes respondents who have an entrance qualification for tertiary education and also finished a vocational training program (e.g. a traineeship program).
Level 5: Short-cycle tertiary education
Respondents who have a technical college or vocational college degree, master craftsmen and respondents with equivalent degrees are classified at ISCED-Level 4.
Level 6: Bachelor’s or equivalent level
Respondents who have a bachelor’s degree or an unspecified university degree are classified at ISCED-Level 6.
Level 7: Master’s or equivalent level
Respondents who have a master’s degree or an equivalent degree (“Magister“, “Diplom“ or “Staatsexamen“) are classified at ISCED-Level 7.
Level 8: Doctoral or equivalent level
Respondents who have a research degree (e.g. a doctoral degree) are classified at ISCED-Level 8.
Literature:
Jürgen H. P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, Axel Glemser, Christiane Heckel, Helmut Quitt, Ute Hanefeld, Robert Herter-Eschweiler und Sabine Mohr 2010: Demographische Standards - Ausgabe 2010. Eine gemeinsame Empfehlung des Arbeitskreises Deutsches Marktforschungsinstitut (ADM), der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Sozialwissenschaftliche Institute (ASI) und des Statistischen Bundesamtes, Wiesbaden: Statistisches Bundesamt.
Julia H. Schroedter, Yvonne Lechert und Paul Lüttinger 2006: Die Umsetzung der Bildungsskala ISCED-1997 für die Volkszählung 1970, die Mikrozensus-Zusatzerhebung 1971 und die Mikrozensen 1976-2004 (Version 1), ZUMA-Methodenbericht 06/08.
UNESCO 2006: International Standard Classification of Education ISCED 1997 (May 2006 re-edition), UNESCO-Institute for Statistics.
UNESCO 2012: International Standard Classification of Education ISCED 2011, UNESCO - Institute for Statistics.
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