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  • The HPA axis is the most often described response mechanism (Bao et al., 2008; Johnson et al., 1992), and includes CRF release from the periventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, downstream facilitation of pituitary secretion of adrenal corticotrophin hormone (ACTH), final activation of the adrenal cortex to induce release of glucocorticoids (GCs), and lastly negative feedback onto CNS regions to limit harmfully high somatic stress responses.
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