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Since the macroscopic second order NLO effect of a polymer is the sum of the μβ values of chromophore moieties in a non-centrosymmetric alignment (for brief theory see the ESI†) [18], a poling process under an electric field is usually implemented to make the chromophore moieties in polymers realign from the natural centrosymmetric state into a non-centrosymmetric state as “poled polymers” [19] (Fig. 1b).
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