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Prior fMRI research in our lab has shown that the ventral caudate nucleus-a brain region known to be specialized for reward prediction and processing of positively valenced stimuli across species (Schultz, Tremblay & Hollerman, 2000; Montague & Berns, 2002; Humphries & Prescott, 2010; Daw et al., 2011)-is differentially active in dogs in response to the scent of familiar humans versus familiar dogs and unfamiliar humans (Berns, Brooks & Spivak, in press).
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