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The types of post-translational modifications found so far comprise: disulfide-bridge formation; hydroxylation of proline at C-4, lysine at C-5 and valine at γ-position; γ-carboxylation of glutamic acid (vitamin K-dependent); bromination of tryptophan at C-6; phosphorylation and sulfation of tyrosine; epimerization of - to -amino acids, including tryptophan, leucine, phenylalanine and valine; C-terminal amidation; N-terminal pyroglutamylation (cyclization); and O-glycosylation of serine or threonine.
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