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Three fossil-based calibration points were used: (i) the split between the tribe Phloemyini and the other tribes of Murinae at 12.3 Myr (we considered Progonomys [47] as the MRCA of extant murines and assigned the oldest record of Progonomys at 12.3 Myr to the split between the tribe Phloemyini and the other tribes of Murinae rather than the Mus/Rattus split [48], [49]) (ii) the divergence between Apodemus mystacinus and all the species of the subgenus sylvaemus (A. flavicollis and A. sylvaticus) at 7 Myr [50], [51]; and (iii) the Otomyini/Arvicanthi split at 5.7 Myr [52].
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