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  • The rapid development of urban areas in surrounding regions has led to an increasing number of commuters within and between core-peripheral regions. However, variation in jobs and economic levels has exacerbated the socio-economic inequalities between metropolitan residents. Using the commuter data of the Jakarta Metropolitan Area, this study examines the socio-economic disparities of commuting behaviour, spatial patterns, and health between commuters with incomes lower and higher than the regional minimum wage. The article conducts quantitative descriptive statistics and a non-parametric test using the BPS-Statistics Indonesia 2019 commuter data that included 13,000 sample respondents from the Jakarta Province and its neighbouring districts. Our result reveals a significant impact of income level on the choice of private transportation mode, whilst having no effect on the choice of public transportation modes. Higher-income peripheral residents tend to commute to the core metropolitan area (Jakarta Province), while lower-income commuters typically travel between peripheral areas. The article also indicates the negative physical health impact of prolonged and early-hours commuting, especially for lower-income groups. The article proposes better public transportation that is convenient, safe, and reliable, to ensure a sustainable and resilient metropolitan area. (xsd:string)
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?:dateModified
  • 2022 (xsd:gyear)
?:datePublished
  • 2022 (xsd:gyear)
?:doi
  • 10.17645/up.v7i3.5271 ()
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  • en (xsd:string)
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?:issn
  • 2183-7635 ()
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  • 3 (xsd:string)
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  • Examining Socio-Economic Inequality Among Commuters: The Case of the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (xsd:string)
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  • Zeitschriftenartikel (xsd:string)
  • journal_article (en)
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  • GESIS-SSOAR (xsd:string)
  • In: Urban Planning, 7, 2022, 3, 172–184 (xsd:string)
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?:volumeNumber
  • 7 (xsd:string)