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?:abstract
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Testing for invariance of measurements across groups (such as countries o r time points) is
essential before meaningful comparisons may be conducted. However, when tested, invariance is often absent. As a result, comparisons across groups are potentially problematic and may be
biased. In the current study, we propose utilizing a multilevel structural equation modeling (SEM)
approach to provide a framework to explain item bias. We show how variation in a contextual
variable may explain non invariance. For the illustration of the method, we use data from the
second round of the European Social Survey (ESS). (author's abstract)
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