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?:abstract
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Mining is currently not a statistically significant category of development-induced displacement.
Nevertheless, the social costs of exploitation are great, and that is why the topic is worthy of a wider
and more profound scientific analysis. The first displacement caused by mining dates back to the
late nineteenth century. As pointed out by Walter Fernandes, in the Indian region of Jarkhand alone,
mining has led to the displacement of 2.55 million people. Contrary to the opinions of some
specialists, the problem of mining-induced displacement and resettlement is a global problem,
occurring on all continents. Countries with particularly large-scale MIDR include: India, China,
many African countries (e.g. Ghana, Botswana), and even Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. The
problem of forced displacement is also a consequence of open-pit coal mining in European
countries like Germany and Poland. Although mining-induced displacement is a global
phenomenon, problems experienced by the displacees in many parts of the world differ greatly. The
largest portion of the displacement is caused by open-pit mining (associated with the extraction of
lignite, copper, and diamonds).
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