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"Drawing on recent cross-nationally comparative survey data of the Turkish and
Moroccan second generation in five European cities, this study examines the
patterns of identification with ethnic, religious, national and city identities. We
take a comparative perspective and analyse data from five cities (Amsterdam,
Rotterdam, Antwerp, Brussels and Stockholm) that differ markedly in their policy
approach to the integration of immigrants, the socio-economic position of the
second generation and the political climate confronting ethnic and religious
minorities. The analysis focuses on the question of how the Turkish and
Moroccan second generation combines their ethnic and religious minority
identities with identification with the country and city of residence. As European
national identities are to a greater extent than is the case for US American
national identity implicitly tied to and appropriated by the national majority
group, we hypothesise that national identities will be non-inclusive of ethnic and
religious identification, thus resulting in a negative correlation between
Dutch/ Belgian/ Swedish identity on the one hand and Turkish/ Moroccan and
Muslim identities on the other. In contrast, we expect a positive correlation with
identification with the city of residence, as Europe's cities are more diverse in
terms of their population composition, have a more cosmopolitan outlook and are
to a lesser extent dominated by one group of the population than the nationstates
in which they are located. Secondly, we hypothesise that distinct
identification patterns will be related to the modes of incorporation of the second
generation, such that identity compatibility (i.e., positive associations between
ethnic and religious identities on the one hand and national and city identities on
the other) instead of identity conflict (i.e., negative associations) will be more
often found in more favourable contexts of reception." (author's abstract)
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