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  • This chapter reviews the existing knowledge on affective polarization in Europe. Various studies confirm that group-based political hostility is present all across the continent, as indicated by polarized feelings toward political parties, leaders and fellow citizens with different party (or other political) affiliations. The chapter presents the average levels of party affective polarization in over 30 European countries from 1996 to 2021, demonstrating that newer Central Eastern European democracies tend to be affectively more polarized than Western European states. However, country rankings significantly vary depending on which index we use to measure affective polarization in multiparty systems. An in-depth analysis of how feelings toward parties are structured reveals that the affective configurations that characterize different European countries and regions might explain this divergence between measurement approaches. Finally, the chapter summarizes affective polarization trends in Europe and concludes that, unlike in the United States, there is no clear evidence of a sharp overall increase, although the rise of far-right populist parties has opened a new very polarized affective dimension in European politics. (xsd:string)
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  • 2024 (xsd:gyear)
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  • 2024 (xsd:gyear)
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  • 176 (xsd:string)
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  • Affective polarization in Europe (xsd:string)
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  • Handbook of Affective Polarization (xsd:string)
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  • In Handbook of Affective Polarization, edited by Torca, Mariano and Harteveld, Eelco, 176-201, Edward Elgar, 2024 (xsd:string)
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  • Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) (xsd:string)
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