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  • This PhD dissertation adds to the literature that studies affective polarisation in comparative perspective. Citizens of democracies around the globe express substantive levels of hostility towards opposing parties, their leaders and supporters. Citizens tend to hold more polarised sentiments towards parties than towards voters, but we do not know much about what determines the differences between both measures. In a chapter of this dissertation, I explore how ideological distance and social sorting account for the gap between the polarisation of feelings about parties and voters in Spain. There is some evidence in the literature that hostility between partisans is related to the rise of radical right parties. Another chapter of this dissertation contributes by clarifying this relationship by, first, developing a theoretical framework of the affective roots and consequences of the electoral emergence of radical right parties and, second, testing it for the case of the radical right party VOX in Spain. Party leaders have gained centrality in most parliamentary and multiparty systems, but the literature analysing leader affective polarisation and comparing it with party affective polarisation is scarce, especially outside the United States. A last chapter explores, in Western Europe, the impact of parties’ electoral wins and losses on the affective polarisation of the leader vis-Ă -vis the party. (xsd:string)
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