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  • Objective. The goal of this article is to analyze how individual perception and apprehension of religion is associated with the democratic values and norms of European citizens. Method. We used a multi-level regression fixed effect estimate which is based on data from the 2017 cross-national European Values Survey (EVS). Results. We found that understanding religion as a personal god, as opposed to understanding religion as spirit/life force, significantly negatively relates with democratic orientation, and positively relates with anti-democratic orientation. Hence, understanding religion as a spirit/life force supports individual democratic orientation and protects from anti-democratic orientation. We also found that the effect of the personal god on both democratic and anti-democratic orientation is much stronger in the post-socialist countries of Eastern Europe compared to Western Europe. Conclusions. We conclude that the personification of god represents an authoritarian mode of religious personality which plays a negative role in evaluating democratic values; while understanding religion as a spiritual/life force provides a generalized metaphysical path which is in accordance with democratic orientation. (xsd:string)
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  • (EVS) (xsd:string)
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  • EVS-Bibliography (xsd:string)
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  • 2023 (xsd:gyear)
?:datePublished
  • 2023 (xsd:gyear)
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  • 10.18261/njrs.36.1.1 ()
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  • 4 (xsd:string)
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  • english (xsd:string)
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  • 08097291 ()
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  • 1 (xsd:string)
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  • Image of God and Democratic Orientation: What Kind of God Matters? (xsd:string)
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  • article (xsd:string)
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  • In Nordic Journal of Religion and Society, 36(1), 4-18, 2023 (xsd:string)
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  • European Values Study (EVS) (xsd:string)
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  • 2023 (xsd:string)
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  • 18 (xsd:string)
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  • 36 (xsd:string)