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President Barack Obama’s health care law has been one of the most polarizing aspects of his presidency, with Republicans criticizing it at every turn. But the keynote speaker at the Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, N.C., San Antonio Mayor Julian Castro, didn’t run from it. He applauded Obama for pursuing expanded health care -- and succeeding where his predecessors had failed. Seven presidents before him -- Republicans and Democrats -- tried to expand health care to all Americans, Castro said. President Obama got it done. We wondered whether Castro’s history was correct. So we checked with a variety of public policy and health care historians and found that Castro’s in the ballpark -- but that a lot of caveats are in order. Let’s start with the presidents who almost certainly fit Castro’s definition of having tried to expand health care to all Americans. • Harry Truman . On Nov. 19, 1945, Truman wrote a message to Congress saying that the health of American children, like their education, should be recognized as a definite public responsibility. According to the Truman Library , the most controversial aspect of the plan was the proposed national health insurance plan. It called for the creation of a national health insurance fund to be run by the federal government. This fund would be open to all Americans, but would remain optional. Participants would pay monthly fees into the plan, which would cover the cost of any and all medical expenses that arose in a time of need. The government would pay for the cost of services rendered by any doctor who chose to join the program. The American Medical Association attacked the plan, characterizing the bill as socialized medicine. Truman ultimately abandoned the effort after the outbreak of the Korean War • Richard Nixon . In 1971 and 1974 , Nixon offered separate proposals to expand health insurance to all, or nearly all, Americans. Generally speaking, they involved employer mandates to provide health insurance, supplemented by subsidies for poorer Americans. I shall propose a sweeping new program that will assure comprehensive health-insurance protection to millions of Americans who cannot now obtain it or afford it, with vastly improved protection against catastrophic illnesses, he said in 1974. The 1974 effort gained some traction in Congress but faltered as Nixon became consumed by scandal . Had it not been for his destruction as a result of the Watergate affair, legislation might well have passed during his presidency, said Princeton University health care historian Paul Starr, the author of Remedy and Reaction: The Peculiar American Struggle over Health Care Reform. • Bill Clinton . In 1993 and 1994, Clinton -- in a process spearheaded by First Lady Hillary Clinton -- sought to pass a major overhaul of the health care system that would have aimed for universal coverage. Even though the Democrats controlled Congress at the time, the plan did not win enactment. So that’s an easy three. It isn’t much of a stretch to get a fourth: • Lyndon Johnson . Technically, Johnson never sought full universal health care. But it seems churlish to deny inclusion on this list to the man who signed Medicare and Medicaid into law. They aren’t universal care for everybody, but they are universal care for large subsets of the population. You can add a few more if you lower the bar a bit. • John F. Kennedy . Kennedy voiced strong support for legislation that would ultimately become Medicare. On May 20, 1962, he held a televised rally to push the proposal at a packed Madison Square Garden in New York City. (The American Journal of Public Health later noted that hours later, the AMA rented the empty hall to film a rebuttal by its president, without showing the empty seats.) But he died before the legislation could come to fruition.) • Gerald Ford . Ford endorsed Nixon’s second proposal, but it didn’t get far on his brief watch. • Jimmy Carter . Carter proposed a step-by-step plan to achieve universal coverage, Starr said. It came relatively late in his first term, and it was too weak to satisfy (Democratic Sen.) Ted Kennedy and many other Democrats. Carter’s efforts were halfhearted, said Brown University political scientist James Morone, co-author of The Heart of Power: Health and Politics in the Oval Office from Roosevelt to Bush . You can actually add a couple more if you bend Castro’s definition even further. • Theodore Roosevelt . He did endorse the idea of expanding health insurance to all, but only as as a presidential candidate for the Bull Moose Party in 1912, not during his earlier term in the White House. • Franklin D. Roosevelt . In his State of the Union address in 1943 , Roosevelt called for a social insurance system that would extend from the cradle to the grave, and he was preparing a program and a speech on national health insurance at the time of his death. In the midst of World War II, Roosevelt never pursued it in earnest, but Truman took up the mantle instead • Dwight Eisenhower . Eisenhower reacted to Democratic proposals for single-payer health care by proposing an expansion of care within the model of private-sector medicine. Eisenhower’s approach was to make permanent the tax break for employer-sponsored health coverage (which remains today) in order to encourage as many Americans as possible to get covered through their workplace. For those who were not employed, Eisenhower proposed that the government reinsure private insurance companies to encourage them to add less profitable populations to their coverage rolls. While Morone calls the Eisenhower plan relatively timid, it nonetheless sparked the AMA’s opposition, which helped kill it in Congress. The remaining Republican presidents did act to expand health coverage in certain ways, but none of our experts thought they met Castro’s definition of pushing for universal health care. • Ronald Reagan signed the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act, which requires hospitals to serve patients in urgent need, and the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, or COBRA, which allows individuals to keep paying for coverage if they lose their insurance. In addition, with almost no support from his own cabinet, Reagan added catastrophic care to Medicare toward the end of his presidency, though the provision was later repealed. • George H.W. Bush , worried about the Democrats getting traction with health care in a 1991 Senate special election, sent a plan to congress. Bush didn't like the issue, but he had a really good health team that put together a pretty good republican proposal, Morone said. • George W. Bush pushed for and signed the expansion of Medicare to include prescription drug coverage. Putting it all together, you could cut the number to five or raise it to eight depending on how strictly you want to interpret Castro’s words, Starr said. Our ruling Castro said that seven presidents before (Obama) -- Republicans and Democrats -- tried to expand health care to all Americans. It’s a slam dunk getting to three or four presidents, and it’s possible to reach seven presidents, but to do that requires a looser interpretation of expanding coverage to all Americans. On balance, we rate the statement Mostly True.
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