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A Facebook meme argues that Americans are pretty two-faced when it comes to Russia’s recent annexation of Crimea. The meme says, 22 Countries Invaded by the U.S. in 20 Years. Russia Does It and Everyone Loses Their Mind, illustrating its point with a photograph of Heath Ledger’s Joker character from Batman movie The Dark Knight . A reader asked us to check this claim, so we did. Fortunately, the post that accompanied the meme listed the nations that had been invaded, along with the years of the purported invasion. (We should point out the list is misnumbered and actually names 23 nations, not 22. And the time span is actually about 30 years, not 20.) Before we get to the list, which you can view here , we first need to define our terms. What qualifies as invaded? Defining invading Several foreign-policy experts told us that while invaded is a familiar word in general conversation, it is used much less commonly in international law. Aggression and conquest are more common, and a variety of international agreements attempt to define them. The basic problem that is that everyone understands that some actions which are ‘invasions’ are nonetheless right and proper, and some are not, said Ted R. Bromund, a senior research fellow at the conservative Heritage Foundation. The world being what it is, people do not agree on exactly which actions those are. When we asked Georgetown University professor of government and foreign service Anthony Clark Arend for his advice, he proposed a standard we could use to judge the meme’s claim. He said an invasion should meet each of the following three conditions: • It violated the U.N. Charter, which says in Article 2, Paragraph 4 that member countries shall refrain from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state. • It didn’t qualify as a permitted exception for the use of force under the U.N. Charter. The charter permits military action in the case of self-defense if an armed attack occurs or if the U.N. Security Council authorizes armed force. • It involves ground troops entering another country. Given those parameters, we went through the Facebook post’s examples, categorizing the countries from most like an invasion to least like an invasion. There are two dozen examples here, so it’s going to take us some time to go through them all. Three cases clearly can be considered invasions Three instances would qualify as invasions under Arend’s framework without much argument. All were done without United Nations support and involved ground troops. • Grenada . Following a power struggle on the small Caribbean nation, President Ronald Reagan sent troops into Grenada on Oct. 25, 1983, with the mission of protecting American nationals and assisting in the restoration of law and order. A force of about 5,000 American troops and 300 from nearby islands prevailed, evacuating several hundred Americans, and restoring a representative form of government. In all, 18 American forces were killed and 116 were wounded. While the invasion followed a request by five members of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution of disapproval. A U.N. Security Council resolution of disapproval failed due to a U.S. veto. • Panama . Ironically, one of the clearest invasions wasn’t even on the list backing up the meme. Between 1988 and 1990, Panama experienced a period of instability stemming from the indictment of its leader, Manuel Noriega, for money laundering and drug trafficking charges. In December 1989, President George H.W. Bush ordered troops into the country to support 10,000 permanently stationed there. Their mission was to protect American lives and facilities, capture Noriega, and support establishment of a United States-recognized government. These goals were accomplished, with 23 American forces killed and 324 wounded. As in the case of Grenada, the U.N. General Assembly passed a resolution condemning the invasion, but the United States, joined by the United Kingdom and France, vetoed a resolution of disapproval in the U.N. Security Council. • Iraq . When the United States led an invasion of Iraq in 2003 to oust Saddam Hussein, it did not have United Nations approval, and in fact, U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan at the time called the U.S. invasion illegal. So these are the easy cases. What about the rest? Seven cases might qualify as invasions if you use a broader definition Lance Janda, a military historian at Cameron University in Lawton, Okla., said you could also use a broader definition for invasion -- namely, the seizure of territory by military force from the government of another country, regardless of motivation or justification. • Using this framework, U.S. military actions in Kuwait and Iraq in 1991 and in Afghanistan in 2001 would count as invasions, even though each had a basis for support under international law. • A 1992 U.N.-backed, U.S.-led intervention in Somalia began as a humanitarian action but later morphed into a shooting war after militants attacked. This was in some ways an invasion, though the state of anarchy in Somalia suggests the territory taken was not controlled by the government of another country. • In 1994 and 1995, the United States received U.N. backing to reinstall ousted Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the president of Haiti , sending 20,000 troops at the peak. (Haiti was also omitted from the meme’s list.) • The interventions in Bosnia and Kosovo by the United States and NATO in the 1990s might also qualify as invasions using this definition. In Bosnia, the U.N. supported military action, and while it didn’t officially in Kosovo, Annan was quoted saying, It is indeed tragic that diplomacy has failed, but there are times when the use of force may be legitimate in the pursuit of peace. • Finally, the 2011, U.N.-approved NATO campaign to oust Muammar Qaddafi in Libya might also qualify as an invasion, though the United States didn’t send ground troops, making the label somewhat questionable. (This, like Haiti, was inexplicably omitted from the meme’s list.) So in addition to three clear instances of invasions that lacked standing under international law, we have an additional seven actions that could be called invasions but without the meme’s pejorative use of the word, since they did have international backing. Fourteen cases simply aren’t invasions The rest of the examples cited in the meme do not qualify as invasions under any widely recognized definitions, experts say. They fall into a handful of categories. • Humanitarian or disaster assistance . This category includes Zaire , now called the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where the U.S. military helped with refugees in 1996 and 1997 during the genocide in neighboring Rwanda. • Evacuation or protection of American citizens. This covers several cases of troops being sent to Liberia , Albania and Yemen , the last in the wake of the 2000 USS Cole bombing. • Service as U.N. peacekeepers. This covers a number of deployments to the Balkans, including a U.S. presence in Macedonia . • Deployments requested by the country in question. This covers the stationing of American forces in Saudi Arabia prior to the Persian Gulf War in 1990 and 1991. It also describes military involvement in Colombia , Bolivia and Peru in which the United States answered a request for military assistance to counter narco-trafficking, as well as assistance to Uganda and other African nations begun in 2011 to capture Joseph Kony, the leader of the Lord's Resistance Army, a guerrilla group. And this category also covers Niger , which reached an accord with the United States in 2013 that would allow intelligence gathering and drone operations targeting neighboring Mali, which was grappling with advances by al Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb. • Airstrikes . This includes the Aug. 20, 1998, strikes ordered by President Bill Clinton against targets in Sudan , after receiving intelligence -- later questioned -- of a link with the al Qaida bombing of the U.S. Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. This also increasingly includes drone attacks against alleged terrorist targets in countries such as Yemen. While these are clearly aggressive acts by the United States, they do not fit any conventional definition of invasion because they do not seek to take territory or overthrow a government. • Covert operations . During its battle against international terrorism, the United States has often used covert operations, such as in the killing of Osama Bin Laden in Pakistan and inside Mali . As with airstrikes, these are aggressive actions, but due in part to the small number of troops involved, they do not fit the traditional definition of invasion. • No troops sent to the country . The United States took sides in Angola during a long-running civil war in the 1980s, but it is not believed to have sent military troops to the country. And the United States has not committed troops during the ongoing civil war in Syria . And one that’s ridiculous The meme cites the Virgin Islands , where President George H.W. Bush sent 1,000 military police following Hurricane Hugo in 1989. In reality, this can’t be an invasion because he sent them to the U.S. Virgin Islands — part of the United States. If the point of the meme is to say the U.S. is sometimes a bully, or that we meddle in the affairs of many countries, that's hard to argue, Janda said. But we don't invade sovereign states very often, and when we do we eventually leave, unless the host government asks us to stay. Even then, we don't annex foreign territory. We haven't done that since 1898. The difference with Russia in Crimea, Janda added, is that they invaded and have already moved to annex the region. That's a textbook case of aggression and conquest, regardless of the casualties and what the opinion polls say in Crimea. Our ruling The Facebook meme said that the United States has invaded 22 countries in the past 20 years. Using the clearest standard -- ground troops seizing foreign territory without the backing of international law -- then the actual number of U.S. invasions in the past 30 years is three. An additional seven military actions that were supported by international law might perhaps be called invasions in a technical sense, even though they had official justification. The remaining examples cited by the meme aren’t even close to any conventional definition of invasion. We rate the claim False.
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