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President Donald Trump has for years attracted scrutiny and criticism for his pronouncements on climate change and global warming, which he has variously described as bullshit and a hoax. In 2012, Trump famously claimed on Twitter that global warming was a concept created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive. In 2013, he referred to global warming as a total hoax, and in 2015 he told conservative talk radio host Hugh Hewitt: I'm not a believer in global warming. I'm not a believer in man-made global warming. In recent years, Trump has frequently referred dismissively to the reality of global warming during periods of cold weather in the United States. Against that background of Trump's clear, consistent, and long-standing position on global warming and climate change -- that he does not believe in a steady, man-made increase in the global temperature -- reports from the spring of 2016 prompted accusations of hypocrisy on the part of the then-Republican front-runner in that year's presidential election. On 23 May, the website Politico reported that Trump, while dismissing global warming as a hoax in his political rhetoric, was taking a very different approach in his private business dealings. The article carried the headline Trump acknowledges climate change -- at his golf course: That article gained widespread traction in 2016, at a time when Trump's once-ridiculed presidential campaign had gained enormous momentum, leaving him as the presumptive Republican nominee. It was aggregated by CBS News, the Washington Post, the Daily Telegraph, and other news outlets. In December 2018, the left-wing Facebook page Occupy Democrats posted a meme citing the Politico article which read: Background In 2014, the Trump Organization (led by Donald Trump) bought a golf course and resort at Doughmore Bay in Doonbeg, Co. Clare, on Ireland's Atlantic west coast. Subsequently, Trump International Golf Links and Hotel Enterprises Ltd (TIGL) tried to get planning permission from national and local authorities in Ireland to build a limestone berm (a kind of raised land bank) along a section of Doughmore Bay, with the intention of preventing further erosion of sand dunes adjacent to the golf course. In February 2016, the company submitted an application to Clare County Council, which subsequently referred the case to An Bord Pleanála (the planning board), the national body in Ireland that rules on planning applications of strategic importance, as well as disputes that may arise on the level of Ireland's 31 local authorities (such as Clare County Council). An Bord Pleanála declined to rule on the application, holding that it was not a strategic infrastructure development, and thereby returning the decision to Clare County Council. On 10 May 2016, an Irish planning and environment consultancy firm called Cunnane Stratton Reynolds applied to Clare County Council, again seeking permission on behalf of TIGL, to build coastal erosion management works at and adjacent Carrowmore dunes, White Strand, Doughmore Bay, and Trump International Golf Links and Hotel. Cunnane Stratton Reynolds acted as the official agent of TIGL in this process, with the then-U.S. presidential candidate listed in the planning application as a director of the company, along with his children Ivanka, Eric, and Donald Jr. (President Trump resigned as a company director in January 2017, but he retains a 100 percent ownership stake in the golf course and earned more than $14 million from it in 2017, according to his financial disclosure.) European Union law requires that in E.U. member states such as Ireland, planning applications be accompanied by two important documents known as an Environmental Impact Statement and a Natura Impact Statement. As part of the Doonbeg application, an Irish environmental consultancy firm called Creagh House Environmental prepared the Environmental Impact Statement on behalf of TIGL. This was the source of the quotations included in Politico's article. What the application said It was that three-volume Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) which on several occasions referred to global warming and climate change as being a threat to the sand dunes which the limestone wall was intended to protect, in two ways: because the rise in sea levels brought by climate change will continue to cause Ireland's coastline (including the coastline at Doughmore Bay) to recede, and because climate change is associated with extreme weather events such as strong storms, which have also been shown to accelerate the erosion of the sand dunes in question. For example, Volume One of the EIS described the damage that dune erosion causes to groundwater (water immediately below the surface) at Doughmore Bay: The document went on to note that: Volume Three of the EIS comprised three design reports, one of which was prepared by HR Wallingford, a civil engineering firm based near Oxford, England. One section of that report (Doonbeg Golf Resort -- Review of Coastal Processes) outlined the medium- to long-term prospect of further erosion of the sand dunes at Doughmore Bay: This was the section highlighted by Politico in their article, which correctly stated that the HR Wallingford report acknowledges one Irish government study [the Office of Public Works study] that assumes a steady rate of erosion through 2050, but argues that the study fails to account for the effects of climate change. However, the next paragraphs in the HR Wallingford report played down the contribution that rising sea levels (caused by climate change) make to the rate of coastal erosion, instead emphasizing the important role of extreme storms -- events that, according to this part of the HR Wallingford report, are less clearly associated with global warming: In summary, the HR Wallingford report speculated that the increase in sea levels off the coast of Ireland, a phenomenon the report associated with climate change, could accelerate over the next few decades, in turn causing an acceleration in the erosion of the sand dunes at Doughmore Bay. However, the report estimated that this increase in sea levels accounted for 10-20 percent of the erosion of the sand dunes, instead emphasizing the role of strong and damaging storm events, which (according to the report) have a more ambiguous, less clear connection with global warming. Interestingly, these references to climate change and global warming did not appear in an updated version of the HR Wallingford report submitted in December 2016. Similarly, an updated version of Volume One of the EIS also no longer contains any references to climate change. Trump's company withdrew their May 2016 application, then submitted a new proposal for a scaled-down version of the wall, which Clare County Council eventually accepted in December 2017. That decision is subject to an ongoing legal challenge, meaning construction on the wall had not started as of December 2018. Conclusion Donald Trump did not personally invoke global warming and climate change as real phenomena and a genuine threat to the future of his Irish golf course, nor did anyone from the Trump Organization or Trump International Golf Links and Hotel Enterprises Ltd. However, an Environmental Impact Statement written on behalf of TIGL (of which Trump was a company director, and which he still owns) did indeed repeatedly refer to global warming and climate change as real phenomena with specific consequences (rising sea levels and more frequent, stronger storms) which posed a threat to the sand dunes at Doughmore Bay, and therefore to Trump's golf resort at Doonbeg, Co. Clare. We don't know whether, or to what extent, Trump's company TIGL altered or influenced the final Environmental Impact Statement, but we do know that Trump's company allowed that report to be submitted, on its behalf, as part of a planning application in May 2016. We also know that when the company submitted a fresh planning application in December 2016, the references to climate change and global warming had been removed from updated versions of those documents.
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